Araling Panlipunan Essay Example for Free

Araling Panlipunan Essay 1.How does the Bible view the family? Much the same as how God made individuals in his own picture and resemblance, He likewise needs us to have a family that is like the heavenly family. The holy book says that every individual from the family has a job. The dad, as the leader of the family, should remain steadfast for his family. The mother then again, goes about as the guide. Not just has God requested that they mirror the sacred family to give appropriate parentage, however He has likewise positioned enormous obligations upon their shoulders. The children’s job is to give a valiant effort to regard their folks for it is expressed in the fourth commandant to â€Å"Honor thy father and thy mother†. 2.Give 5 instances of variables that assault the family. Clarify. a.Disparity of religion †Parents of the kids may have various religions and this may influence their confidence and their adoring. They will have an issue bringing their kids up in one conviction. b.Cultural contrasts †The customs may influence the family since one individual may be accomplishing something out of convention that isn't appropriate for the other’s culture. c.Instability of marriage †The unsteadiness of the marriage of guardians can influence the family extraordinarily, on the grounds that from this, the family may result to turning into a messed up family. d.Domestic misuse †Abusing an individual from the family may make them have stressed familial relationship. It will be difficult to confide in each other after the maltreatment, and trust is significant in light of the fact that it’s one of the establishments of a solid relationship. e.Infidelity †Parents battle about easily overlooked details, yet treachery is an alternate stor y. This may cause issues inside the family as well as be influenced, similar to the investigations of the kids and the enthusiastic, mental and physical soundness of every relative. 3.What is the remain of the congregation against RH Bill? The congregation is against the RH Bill since they consider it to be an enemy of life bill. They accept that overpopulation, which the administration says is the primary driver of destitution, isn't the genuine explanation yet debasement. 4.What is your remain against the RH Bill? I accept that the RH Bill must be forced. I don’t feel that the RH Bill advances against life. It is simply for security of the populace development. Populace development may not be the reason for destitution yet it is doubtlessly executing the Philippines. Our nation, particularly in Metro Manila, can't hold more individuals. On the off chance that the RH Bill is dismissed, the Filipinos, being imaginative, will attempt to discover approaches to search for choices for contraception. They may likewise begin wrongfully delivering contraception which will gain Filipinos more crooks which is the exact opposite thing the general public needs at the present time. 5.How does the state secure the family? The state doesn't advance separation in the nation. It is illicit for couples to isolate with the exception of certain conditions which can be thought of. The state additionally doesn't support of premature birth. This can spare numerous lives. The state likewise has programs which are against kid misuse, inappropriate behavior and different things that help ensure the privilege of a person. With these, we can believe that the relationship of each Filipino family is more secure.

Analytical Paper Assignment (Syria and Ukraine) Essay

Expository Paper Assignment (Syria and Ukraine) - Essay Example This paper reveals the present clashes in Syria and Ukraine. It portrays the jobs of the fundamental driving nations in these contentions. The past occasions in Syria and Ukraine demonstrate that colonialism is not, at this point applicable. It is not, at this point simpler for amazing nations to build their capacity by practicing command over the remainder of the world. America, for example, favors not to mediate in the military activities of Syria mostly in light of the fact that they need to keep up an unbiased position, and tasks a decent universal strategy of not intruding in the issues of different countries. The American international strategy is with the end goal that it legitimizes military activity if there is generous proof that the nations, for example, Syria and Ukraine represent a danger to world security. The Ukrainian geopolitical truths are very unique, demonstrating likely dangers of cold war. There is likewise probability of intensity contention. The worldwide law perspective considers Syria and Ukraine as attempting to put forth a questionable defense in attempting to announce their power, the west thinks, yet there is a legitimate demonstration that that has is substantial from 60 years back (Kristof 27). The self-assurance stays inapplicable in light of the fact that its activity would section a current state-Ukraine. A similar country was an individual from United Nations. Such world requests are currently tested by such practical contemplations as environmental change, maintainability, and weapons of mass obliteration and by standardizing examination associated with value, human rights and endurance of species (Cooper p29).

IntroducingStan!

Introducing…Stan! Well, it has certainly been fun to write as an admissions blogger. I remember when I was a prefrosh (in 2008ouch), I dreamed of one day being able to write on this site, so when the GEL program asked if I wanted to write on their behalf, I jumped at the chance. It’s been an interesting opportunity to be able to link some of the lessons I’ve had in engineering leadership to life at MIT. At first I thought, hey leadership is leadership, right? But I quickly learned that leading a high school club or two is very different from leading a team of engineers in a technical project. There are deadlines to meet, specifications to write, different scales of implementation to consider, not to mention all the ethics, advocacy, and communication that are undoubtedly involved. Now that my brass rat faces the other direction (as in, now that I’m an alumna), it’s time for me to introduce GEL’s latest blogger, Stanley Gill! I’ve worked with Stanley at The Tech for the past two years and know that he is not only an enthusiastic writer, but also a well-rounded student. He’s also known to be an adventurer from the desert who speaks music and Japanese and is never afraid to accept a challenge (within reason). I’ll let him take it from here. =================================== In high school, I spent a lot of time playing music. I was playing my beloved clarinet as well as marching competitively with my high school’s drumline. I was once apart of four different musical ensembles at the same time, was running on a diet of 99 cent chili cheese french fry burritos from Weinerschitzel (or if I got a long break to travel the extra block, some 99 cent tacos from taco bell), and would spend Saturday nights playing video games and complaining with my friends as to why we couldn’t get dates. If you phrase my high school life like that, it may seem less surprising that I ended up at MIT. I mean, if you replace all references to music in that past paragraph with something about engineering or science, you might think you found your stereotypical MIT student. My name is Stan Gill. I was born in the liberal, temperate region known as the bay area of northern California, where I lived until I was about 7. My family then shipped themselves to the extremely hot and conservative Arizona desert, where I spent the remainder of my pre-college days in the southeastern suburb of Phoenix known as Gilbert. Even though I spent most of my life in Arizona, I always considered myself to be from California; I like being near the ocean, being a stone’s throw away from an interesting city, using public transit, and eating better food. That’s not to say that Arizona doesn’t have those things, it just takes a lot longer to get there, and I’m too impatient for that. What else would you like to know about me? I’m a little weird (don’t ask me to describe why, it’s very hard), I play video games and read in my spare time, I’m musical, oh yeah, and I like to think that I speak Japanese (I took it for 3 years in high school and for the last 3 semesters here). In terms of school, I’m a course 20 (bioengineering) and planning to minor in course 9 (brain and cognitive sciences). If you can’t find me in class, I’m commonly found with my course 9 UROP in building 46, in the Alpha Delta Phi house bro-ing out, or in The Tech’s news room helping to create that stack of paper you might be using as a prop for your next play or as a coaster for the water bottle you might have sitting next to you. I’m also starting with the Gordon Engineering Leadership Program this fall. Speaking of engineering, let’s go back to my first paragraph. If you thought that could be adapted to be a description of the stereotypical MIT engineer, this is wrong. This is a myth. I will spend the next year or two while I have this blog trying to prove this to you. Contrary to popular belief, MIT students (especially those in engineering) are not all workaholic shut-ins that live off of pizza and only see the sunlight when they go to take their exams 2-4 times a term. We have lives, we have social skills, and are generally pretty cool people. If you want to see engineering in action, just take a look at the East Campus rollercoasters, or even how the various performance groups design the sets for their shows! Engineering, much like the people in it, comes in many different forms, but they all share a common ground. I seem to be one of the few people in GEL that’s majoring in a department that tends to get lumped together with the life sciences, but that doesn’t mean I don’t expect the experience to be valuable for me. The skills we will learn as part of the GEL program will be applicable anywhere in one way or another, and I’m excited to hit the ground running to get started! So sit back, relax, and watch as I take chances, make mistakes, and get messy while trying to learn what’s up with GEL, (bio)engineering, and being an upperclassman at this good old institute.

Definition of Assemblage - Art History Glossary

(noun) - As one familiar with the word assembly might assume, assemblage is a form of sculpture comprised of found objects arranged in such a way that they create a piece. These objects can be anything organic or man-made. Scraps of wood, stones, old shoes, baked bean cans and a discarded baby buggy - or any of the other 84,000,000 items not here mentioned by name - all qualify for inclusion in an assemblage. Whatever catches the artists eye, and fits properly in the composition to make a unified whole, is fair game. The important thing to know about assemblage is that it is supposed to be three-dimensional and different from collage, which is supposed to be two-dimensional (though both are similarly eclectic in nature and composition). But! Theres a really fine, nearly invisible line between a bulky, multi-layered collage and an assemblage done in extremely shallow relief. In this large, grey area between assemb- and col-, the safest course is to take the artists word for it. Pronunciation: ah ·sem ·blahj Also Known As: construction, bricolage, collage (inaccurately), sculpture Examples: Lets save many thousands of words here and look at some pictures of assemblages done by different artists. Raoul Hausmann: Mechanical Head (Spirit of Our Age), ca. 1920Man Ray: , 1964 (replica of 1923 original)Louise Nevelson: , 1957Meret Oppenheim: , 1936Kurt Schwitters: Broad Schmurchel (Breite Schmurchel), 1924Joseph Cornell: Navigating the ImaginationRobert Rauschenberg: Combines (Exhibition Image Gallery)

A Theory Of Mind And The Development Of Socially Competent...

In addition, Whitbread et al believed pretend play involved skills that are associated with â€Å"developing a theory of mind† and the development of socially competent behaviour. Piaget 1662 view supports this as he states ‘One of the purest forms of symbolic thought available to young children, dramatic play contributes strongly to their intellectual development’. It can be seen that pretend play therefore builds upon cognition, preparing children mentally, acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought. Furthermore, Whitbread et al explained this as â€Å"understand the moods, emotions.. and perspectives of other people† and Robson 2006:76 also said â€Å"in their pretend play they often include reference to thinking and mental states, and children experienced in such talk are more mature in their later ability to mind read. From this compelling research it shows that pretend play encourages a child to think and learn about emotions and social skills. Woods, 2007 believed children whom have well-developed imaginary skills tend to be well liked by peers and to be seen as leaders. This is a result of their advanced communication skills, their greater capability to take the point of others and their ability to reason through social situations. Fernyhough and Fradley (2005) conducted a study investigating the relationship between language and play on one hundred and twenty children aged eighteen months old. Their study showed that children who had played symbolically exhibited aShow MoreRel atedThe Theory And The Psychoanalytic Theory1475 Words   |  6 Pageswide array of concepts, there are many competitive theories battling to explain these dynamic ideas. Of these theories, is the unorthodox Psychoanalytic theory, developed by the Sigmund Freud, and the Humanistic theory, advanced by Abraham Maslow. The psychoanalytic theory was first devised in 1886, and was used to explain behaviours in terms of their interaction with the various components of personality. In the beginning, Freud divided the human mind into the three parts; the conscious – the part thatRead MorePsychology and the Nature of Humanity1227 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction. The American Psychologist Association (APA) defines psychology as ‘the study of the mind and behaviour . The discipline embraces all aspects of the human experience — from the functions of the brain to the actions of nations, from child development to care for the aged. ‘(Association, 2014). With such an extensive definition, it is not overly surprising that its scientific kudos has been used to propagate political dogma, including abominable beliefs such as the innate inferiorityRead MoreChildhood Development And Childhood Stages1633 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood, is a period characterised by significant cognitive, emotional, social and biological development. This discussion will consider the significant aspects of childhood development and experiences that contribute to children’s longer-term well-being, however, its primary focus will be socio-emotional development. Longer-term well-being refers to physical, social and emotional health over a contin uous period of time. However, it is important to consider that this a relatively broad definitionRead MoreHuman Nature And Cultural Competent Care2376 Words   |  10 PagesAbstract This paper intends to determine whether or not culture is an essential part of human being and highlight the necessity of cultural competent care in health care. There has been many literature reviewed on cultural significance in human nature and cultural competent care, however we will discuss some models and theories to fulfil our objectives. We claim that, culture is an important aspect of human caring, thus human and culture has an inseparable bond. Culture is the unique set of rulesRead MoreEvaluate the Extent to Which Freuds Theory of Psychosexual Development Can Help Us to Understand a Clients Presenting Issues2632 Words   |  11 Pagesextent to which Freud’s theory of psychosexual development can help us to understand a client’s presenting issues Introduction Freud’s approach to understanding human behaviour – psychoanalysis – has had a profound effect on psychology. His approach is one of many that share some common assumptions, while differing fundamentally in others. Contemporaries of Freud, such as Jung and Adler were inspired by Freudian theory, but emphasised different issues in human development and experience. CollectivelyRead MoreThe Theory Of Mind ( Tom )1987 Words   |  8 Pages Theory of mind (ToM) is the ability to differentiate one’s own mental state from others and therefore, influence the behaviour accordingly. Mental states comprise of the individual’s desires, beliefs and intentions. ToM is considered to be a milestone in psychosocial development as pre-schoolers at the age of 4 or 5 tend to be able to recognise that not everyone perceive the same reality as they do (Wellman, Cross Watson, 2001). This is known as false-belief and is an important skill in comprehendingRead MorePsychology and Impact Personality Development1997 Words   |  8 Pages1. Define personality. 2. Analyze how biological, situational and mental processes impact personality development. 3. Discuss social and cultural contributions to personality development. 4. Describe the major dispositional theories of personality. 5. Describe the major process theories of personality. 6. Evaluate the major personality theories. 7. Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of commonly used personality assessment techniques, validity, reliability. Define personality. Personality Read MorePsychology and Impact Personality Development2008 Words   |  9 Pages1. Define personality. 2. Analyze how biological, situational and mental processes impact personality development. 3. Discuss social and cultural contributions to personality development. 4. Describe the major dispositional theories of personality. 5. Describe the major process theories of personality. 6. Evaluate the major personality theories. 7. Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of commonly used personality assessment techniques, validity, reliability. Define personality. Personality *Read MoreThe Social-Emotional Aspects of Teaching and Learning 2488 Words   |  10 PagesThis essay aims to critically evaluate, compare, contrast and criticize, and integrate theories, strategies and skills from the Humanist, Psychodynamic and Behaviourist perspective. This essay will discuss Maslow, Rogers’, Freudian and Skinner’s approaches to understand how counselling theories may be used by teachers and other staff for supporting children and young people in terms of their social and emotional well-being within the educational context, and the factors that influence their use.Read MoreSociological Knowledge in Nursing Essays1301 Words   |  6 Pageswhole in preserving, attaining and improving best possible health and functioning (Kozier, et al., 2010 pp. 8-9). Sociological knowledge plays a dynamic and elementary role within nursing profession. Besides medical knowledge a nurse needs to be socially aware of a client’s social values. In today’ s society, nursing goes further than focusing on health related problems to incorporate a much wider definition of both unhealthiness and individuality in our society. Sociology provides us with the information

Medical Tourism By Different Authors Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

In this chapter, a figure of definitions on Medical Tourism have been provided. The writer has besides included different facets on this burgeoning industry viz. its presence in the universe every bit good as the grade of its incursion in Mauritius, the construction of Health Tourism go throughing through a SWOT Analysis related to the Mauritanian context and so concluded with an overview on the bing legal models. We will write a custom essay sample on Medical Tourism By Different Authors Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Definitions of Medical Tourism by different writers Medical Tourism or Medical travel is the act of going to different states to undergo medical intervention such as decorative surgeries, dental surgeries, or general surgeries. Medical Tourism is a new term but non a new thought. Patients have been going since a long clip in hunt of better attention. Medical Tourism or wellness touristry has been defined by Connell ( 2006:2 ) as a â€Å" popular mass- civilization where people travel frequently long distances to other finishs such as India, Thailand, and Malaysia to obtain medical services such as alveolar consonant, decorative and non-cosmetic attention and at the same clip basking their vacations † . He besides added that medical travel is the chase of medical attention aboard and coincident engaging in a more conventional signifier of touristry. Some dependable research literature has focused on the evident motivations of medical tourers in going abroad for medical intervention such as fiscal grounds, waiting times, and the inaccessibility of coveted intervention in the prospective medical tourers ‘ ain states of abode ( Awadzi and Panda, 2005, Connell, 2006 ) . Another definition was cited in the Medical Tourism study ( 2006 ) , where Medical Tourism was defined as any type of travel from one ‘s usual topographic point of abode to another finish to undergo medical attentions. Health Tourism has besides been defined by Goodrich A ; Goodrich ( 1987:217 ) as the challenge on the portion of a finish to pull tourers by advancing intentionally its health-care services and installations adding to its usual tourer installations. Furthermore, Medical Tourism is a phenomenon that occurs when international patients travel across boundaries for their health care and medical demands. For case every twenty-four hours, 1000000s of North Americans, Europeans and Arabs are going to different states for medical intervention. Medical travel can besides be defined as â€Å" cost effectual † medical intervention in association with the touristry industry for international patients willing to execute any types of surgical processs ( India Medical Care, 2007 ) . Keckly and Underwood ( 2008 ) noted that Medical Tourism is when 1 is go forthing his topographic point of occupants in order to have intervention elsewhere. In add-on, harmonizing to Horowitz and Rosensweig ( 2007 ) have argued that, â€Å" medical tourers † attempt to happen latest wellness attention at sensible monetary values in states at variable degrees of development. Harmonizing to Awadzi and Panda ( 2005 ) , the term Medical Tourism refers to the seaward proviso of medical services in combination with the other touristry chances by utilizing comparative cost advantage as the purchase point. Research workers have documented that Medical Tourism is an action whereby patients of curable diseases choose to go offshore with the intent and assurance of having appropriate wellness installations. These patients expect to be offered a high category intervention in a really comfy ambiance. Medical Tourism does non intend that the tourers will be satisfied merely in the sense of site-seeing ; instead it means that these medical tourers are set abouting a extremely sensitive journey where their wellness is the chief focal point. An anon. research worker clearly defined the birth of Medical Tourism as â€Å" Knowledge, engineering, equipment, medical specialties, and other elements of health care system while traversing the national boundary lines without any restraint of nationality, race, faith or credo. Therefore, we can state that though different writers interpret the term Medical Tourism in their ain manner, at the terminal the significance remains the same. History of Medical Tourism Medical Tourism is non a new construct. The history of Medical Tourism started with people going to other states for medical intervention. This is related back when Grecian tourists were going from the Mediterranean to Epidauria, a part situated in Saronic Golf. It was said that the â€Å" Saronic Golf † is besides known as the â€Å" Healing God † . Hence, it was recorded in the Medical Tourism history that Epidauria is the original finish for Medical Tourism. Later, in the 16th and 17th centuries, spa towns such as St Moritz and Bath became premier finishs for the European upper categories to comfort their unwellness. Hence, watering place may be considered as an early signifier of Medical Tourism ( Indian Tourism Medical Industry: growing chance and challenges by shikha Rastogi Grag A ; Anu Bhawraj ) . During these centuries, people visited watering place because it was said that the mineral H2O found there was handling diseases such as TB, bronchitis liver diseases, among many others. Dental surgery, decorative surgery and other types of surgeries are comparatively a new phenomenon ( Understanding medicaltourism ) Furthermore, over the past few old ages, people have been going to many developed states for medical intervention. However, since this field is being seen as a high beginning of income, even developing states are advancing Medical Tourism. Medical tourers have understood this scheme and are increasingly nearing developing states due to their low-cost medical services. Health Tourism Structure Health Tourism is the word coined to wrap the different components of supplying health care installations to international patients. Medical Tourism is of the subdivisions of Health Tourism. The construction of Health Tourism has been illustrated in Table below. As stated in Chapter 1 of this survey, the research worker will concentrate merely on Medical Tourism. Medical Tourism around the universe Medical Tourism is going an emerging cosmopolitan manner. Every twenty-four hours more and more people are choosing for medical attention aboard. We should therefore inquire ourselves: â€Å" Why do people prefer to go for long distances instead than having medical intervention in their states? â€Å" This reply relies in two elements: a ) cost and B ) quality of wellness attention. That is they look for a topographic point where they can acquire moderately priced top-class wellness intervention. With clip, foreign patients have been able to see many parts of the universe in order to run into the above mentioned two critical ingredients to measure up as a good Medical Tourism finish. Research shows that the below listed seven states are the most preferable Medical Tourism finishs in the universe: Panama Panama is classified as the top Medical Tourism finishs, by pulling chiefly US and Canadian patients. It is considered as one of the best and celebrated topographic point in the universe to set about costmetic and non decorative interventions. This is because of its outstanding health care services, latest engineering, safety and low cost for medical attention and hospitalization.Treatment in Panama is besides extremely regarded as physicians are bilingual, board certified and they used to work with the similar medical setup used by European medical touristry finishs. Factors lending for the addition in wellness touristry in Panama are its natural attractive forces, cultural diverseness and its strategic and geographic place. The common medical processs undergo by international patients are decorative surgeries ( healthtourism, all medicaltourism.com, Medical Tourism: Global Competition in Health Care by Devon M. Herrick ) Brazil Brazil can be said to be the international Mecca for decorative and fictile surgeries. It is categorized as the universe ‘s 2nd taking market for the intervention of plastic surgeries. Many tourers, peculiarly adult females, travel to Brazil to heighten their physical visual aspects. Brazil has tonss of qualified sawboness and infirmaries equipped with sophisticated engineerings. Surgeons use the latest cutting-edge techniques to offer patients with interventions such as face lift, suction lipectomy and chest implants. Cosmetic and fictile surgeries are the most demanded intervention of foreign patients ( Nuwire Investors ) Malaya Besides its cultural, antique and natural appeals, Malaysia is on the path to tag itself as a low priced and sophisticated health care hub in Asia ( By Elaine ANG ) . Malaysia is classified amongst the universe top six Medical Tourism finish ( Nuwire investors ) Medical Tourism has been spread outing quickly during these recent old ages. Peoples from several states are seeking health care intervention at that place. Malaysia has become a Centre of medical excellence because of its high quality medical installations and services and besides it has a great figure of good trained and qualified medical specializers ( Tourism Malaysia, 2007 ) Thirty five private infirmaries have been identified as the key drivers for medical touristry for this peculiar state. The figure of wellness travellers in hunt of health care services in Malaysia has increased from 75,210 patients in 2001 to 296,687 patients in 2006, stand foring an addition of over 290 % over 5 old ages. Furthermore, the entire figure of medical tourer geting in the state has reached 425,500 in 2009. It has besides been estimated that in 2012 medical tourers in Malaysia would make 689,000. International patients and investors are attracted to Malaysia because of its favourable exchange rate, political A ; economic stableness and high rate of literacy ( Nuwire investors ) The common medical interventions that international patients seek in Malaysia are: decorative intervention including nose job, oculus surgery, face lift, cardiac processs and birthrate interventions. Costa Rica Costa Rica is renowned to be both a popular touristry and Medical Tourism finish. It has first-class medical and wellness attention installations which are universe widely certified. The medical suppliers in Costa Rica offer modern engineering and protocols. Costa Rica is considered to be the lone medical finish in the universe that has 100 % of private infirmaries that have earned JCI accreditation which helps to hike up Medical Tourism in the state ( costaricanmedicalcare ) . There are several factors that have contributed to the success of Costa Rica as one of the top finish for international patients and some are political stableness, friendly environment, low-cost monetary value of interventions, high rate of literacy, geographically good located and quality of service. Some popular medical processs in Costa Rica are decorative and fictile surgeries, dental intervention, orthopaedic and ophthalmology. India India has the lowest cost and highest quality as compared to all Medical Tourism finishs ( Report for National Center for policy Analysis, NCPA ) Many infirmaries are accredited by the JCI and there are tonss of extremely trained physicians. India ‘s Medical Tourism sector is spread outing at a really rapid addition with about 500,000 medical travellers in 2005 as compared to an estimated 150,000 patients in 2002. Experts estimate that wellness touristry could convey approximately $ 2.2 billons in 2010 ( University of Delaware ‘s u- day-to-day intelligence ) . Medical tourers prefer to take India as their health care finish because of the presence of efficient substructures and advanced engineering. Common interventions undergo by international patients in India cardiovascular, orthopaedic, rectification of eyes, dental attention, decorative surgeries, malignant neoplastic disease diagnosing and articulatio genus organ transplant. Siam Thailand has gained the rubric as an unbelievable Medical Tourism finish. The Thai state has several infirmary internationally accredited infirmaries which offers diferent types of medical interventions, get downing from organ grafts to dental and decorative surgeries. The infirmaries use latest and sophisticated engineering and delivers outstanding quality of wellness attention to their patients. Reasons for taking Thailand as a medical finish Personal attention is provided to patients ; Extra services such as linguistic communication interlingual rendition which are of great aid to foreign patients are offered ; High engagement of the Thai governement to advance Medical Tourism ; Presence of well-trained physicians from the United States ; Most of the physicians and staff speak English. ( Medical Tourism cooperation- Thailand functionary web sites ) Singapore Singapore is known for its effectivity in supplying outstanding health care services. It is a multi-faceted regional medical hub, both for medical services and besides the right meeting topographic point where wellness conferences and carnivals can take topographic point. Singapore is classified as a taking health care hub in Asia. It attracts about 200,000 international patients per twelvemonth. Singapore is a said to be a universe category metropolis. It is politically stable, peaceable and safe. One of the ends of the Singapore authorities is to pull over a million abroad patients in 2012. Its adjacent rivals are Thailand and Malaysia ( asiasmedicaltourism ) Reasons for taking Singapore as a medical finish Top quality health care services A really orderly state Low-cost monetary values Political Stability Low offense and high security rate Medical Tourism in Mauritius This subdivision provides an overview of Medical Tourism in Mauritius. We will look at the health care installations that are offered by the state to its patients. The grounds as to why Mauritius can be chosen as a Medical Tourism finish have besides been set out. This subdivision wraps up with some information on the medical substructures available in Mauritius. An overview of Medical Tourism in Mauritius Many research workers call Mauritius, â€Å" Charming Mauritius † as even without any luck doing natural resources, it has the ability to make economic pillars maintain its development. In its portfolio, sugar production, fabric industry, offshore banking, touristry and ICT are included and now a new economic avenue looks approachable and it is called the Medical Tourism. With around 1000 medical tourers in 2005, making some 12,000 in 2011, BOI is aiming about 100,000 in 2020. â€Å" Every ten old ages, as if by thaumaturgy, Mauritius has pulled out of the chapeau an economic pillar which has made of this island ‘the illustration ‘ to be emulated by African provinces † ( Invest Mauritius 2011 ) . Over, the past few old ages, Mauritius has experienced an addition in the reaching of international patients. Having batch of qualified physicians, medical forces and private clinics which are sophistically good equipped with the latest engineering, Mauritius is besides geographically good positioned to spread out its health care sector. As said by officers of BOI: â€Å" Maurice is clearly on path to go the centre of excellence in medical specialty and a high-tech hub of Medical Tourism † ( Muslim Times 2011 ) Medical Tourism is non a new construct in Mauritius as clinics have been handling tourers since 12 old ages. Medical Tourism is considered as a niche market for the touristry industry and go on to bloom due to the high service quality and intervention available in Mauritius. The monetary values of processs equal to one tierce of the European monetary values and this is one of the chief motivations for the high inflow of medical tourers. Furthermore, Mauritius has an upp er manus on other states as apart from the nucleus medical services, medical tourers have the chance to pass their recuperation period in an idyllic surrounding. The Mauritanian Government is non go forthing any rock unturned in its attempt to advance Medical Tourism. The most recent illustration lies in the Mauritanian National Budget 2012, whereby the authorization exempted VAT on decorative surgeries so as to do the cost of these processs more competitory. The expected reaction to this step is of class to hike the Medical Tourism activities. As per BOI ‘s records, the medical sector in Mauritius contributed about 3.7 % of the GDP over the past four old ages and the growing rate in this sector in twelvemonth 2011 is 6.3 % as compared to 2010. The figure of medical work force is besides increasing to suit for the addition in demand for medical services. Figure below shows the alteration in the entire figure of medical staffs for the period 2006 to 2010 ( BOI study 2012 ) Figure: Increasing tendency of Healthcare specializer over the past 5 old ages Beginning: invest Mauritius Reasons for taking Mauritius as a Medical Tourism finish Large web of professional private clinics Political and societal stableness Geographically good positioned Most of the physicians or other medical phase are multilingual State-of -art of medical installations Direct flight from and to Mauritius Compared to other states, Mauritius offers better intervention at lower monetary values Latest development in term of engineering and substructure Most of the physicians are trained in European states Medical substructures in Mauritius Mauritius is rather rich in footings of medical substructures. It besides encourages preparations of the medical professionals. Due to the friendly relationship that Mauritius has with other states, it benefits from the cognition of universities of states such as France, UK, China, Australia, Egypt, Russia amongst others. The handiness of health care substructures is illustrated in figure below. Figure: Medical Infrastructures in Mauritius ( Beginning: BOI booklet ) Key drivers/ Players of Medical Tourism in Mauritius A figure of cardinal players/drivers are present in Mauritius to guarantee the growing of Medical Tourism. Some has been listed below: Apollo Bramwell Hospital ( ABH ) Fortis Darne Clinique Clinique du Nord Clinique de Greffe de Cheveux in Trou Aux Biches Dent attention Apollo Bramwell Hospital ( ABH ) ABH is the largest health care group in Asia. Since 2006, a subdivision has been implanted in Mauritius. ABH Mauritius is situated in the territory of Moka. This infirmary has been built in such a manner that it can make international criterion of patient attention. Under one roof itself, one can happen a infirmary equipped with superior engineering and good qualified medical expertness. It has been constructed to supply first category medical installations for both national and international patient. ABH Mauritius is the largest private infirmary in Mauritius and in the Indian Ocean. It has all the necessary demands in term of latest sophisticated medical equipment and expertness to bring around international patients. Its purpose is to guarantee that patients are provided with top quality services and safety all degree. Below is a list of medical services and progress engineerings offered by ABH: The medical Servicess provided allocated to different divisions viz. : Heart Centers Department of Plastics and Cosmetic Surgeries Department of dermatology Department of physical therapy Department of Paediatrics A ; Neonatology Department of alveolar consonant services Department of rhinolaryngology Super forte clinics and other Centers Furthermore, the nosologies section is to the full equipped with the latest equipment and accomplishments technicians. This consists of: Picture Archiving and Communication System ( PACS ) PACS engineering is now used by most of the top infirmaries of the universe. It is an machine-controlled and filmless information system for obtaining, forming, reassigning, lading and showing different types of medical descriptions consisting of X raies, MRI and endoscopy. With this debut, ABH are able to offer the uttermost criterions quality of services. PACS allows fast broadcast of images to physicians in critical countries therefore minimising holds in diagnosing. Electronic Medical Record ( EMR ) EMR refers to electronically maintained online medical records which replace the heavy and cumbrous physical files of the past which were restricted in handiness. EMR can be accessed at multiple locations by multiple users for cut downing mistakes in medicine and holds in monitoring patients. High Field Strength MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging ( MRI ) with Achieva 1.5T SE provides uncompromised quality in disputing applications like big field-of-view for abdominal and chest imagination, unvarying fat suppression in all anatomies and consistent off-center imagination, across patients of all highs and organic structure weight. Whole Body MRI Whole Body MRI is effectual for measuring the full skeleton in patients with suspected bone metastasis ( malignant neoplastic disease that spread to the bone from other parts of the organic structure ) in a individual imagination scan – and it merely takes between 15 and 19 proceedingss. Besides its truth and adeptness, the fact that it is an MRI scan agencies it is non-invasive and there is no radiation hazard to the patient. Whole Body MRI can besides observe metastases in other parts of the organic structure besides the castanetss, such as in encephalon, liver or lungs. Therefore, it can be said with all its latest medical engineerings, ABH is good situated to go one of the most popular clinic in the Indian Ocean pulling medical tourers from African and European states ( Beginning: Apollo bramwell web site ) Clinique Fortis Darne Clinique Fortis Darne is one of the oldest clinics but yet modern medical service supplier in Mauritius. Strategically situated in the Centre of the Island, Clinique Fortis Darne provides first category medical installations with the aid of progresss engineering. Clinique Fortis Darne has batch of specialised sections in assorted countries of health care. The vision of Fortis Darne is: â€Å" To be a globally healthcare administration known for Clinical excellence and Distinctive Patient attention † . The clinic offers panoply of incorporate services through different centres. Below are the lists of medical services that Fortis Darne offers Table: Medical services offered by Fortis Darne ( Beginning: Fortis Darne Websites ) Clinique du Nord At Clinique du Nord, Dr Mukesh Sookundun has been offering his services to Medical Tourists for the last past 12 old ages. It is a private clinic with epicurean suites. This clinic is situated near a white sand beach of Baie du Tombeau. Clinique du Nord has a squad of specializers, physicians, nurses and other trained staff. It is said that, they provide first category medical intervention to both their national and international patients. The specializers make usage of latest equipment and techniques. Clinique du Nord is one of the most reputable private infirmaries where there are international medical experts. Apart being the specializer in ENT, the infirmary is chiefly recognized for its medical installations that it provides to medical tourers. Hence, there are a broad figure of international patients who visit this Clinique. Below is the list of medical processs that Clinique du Nord offers ( Clinique du Nord Websites A ; booklets ) Table: Medical intervention offered by Clinique du Nord The Indian Ocean Hair Grafting, Cosmetic Dentistry and Plastic Surgery Centre This clinic is situated near one of the most attractive beaches of Mauritius, viz. â€Å" Trou aux Biches † . It is said to be a five star centre for hair grafting, decorative and fictile surgeries. This peculiar Centre has 12 old ages of experience. It makes usage of the latest engineering and techniques. Most of the physicians are universe renowned professionals ( Indian Ocean hair grafting web sites ) Table: Medical Treatment offered by The Indian Ocean Hair Grafting, Cosmetic Dentistry and Plastic Surgery Centre Dent Care Dent Care is located in the garden of an old sugar cane mill at Labourdonnais ( Mapou ) in the northern portion of Mauritius. It is good known in the universe of decorative and dental surgeries. Most of the physicians are trained in France and United States. Most of them are bilingual. They make usage of the most up to day of the month engineering. It is said that intervention at Dent attention can be around 50 % less than in other states. Available medical services are: Veneers and Crown Ceramic Inlaies Teeth Whitening Plastic surgeries ( Beginning: Dent care web sites ) SWOT Analysis For Medical Tourism In Mauritius The Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and Threat ( SWOT ) analysis is a utile technique and scheme for understanding strengths and failings and besides for placing both chances and Menaces that a concern can confront. A new entrant like Medical Tourism requires such analysis. This scheme will assist to hold a better thought on the place of Medical Tourism in Mauritius. This mechanism can therefore assist in the development of effectual and efficient selling schemes to advance Medical Tourism in Mauritius. The SWOT analysis for Medical Tourism has been designed as per tabular array below. SWOT Analysis Table Table: Swot Analysis 2.7.2 SOME FACTS AND FIGURES OF MEDICAL TOURISM IN MAURITIUS An intense research has been done to hold the latest interruption down on the reaching of Medical Tourists in Mauritius ; the research worker has received that of twelvemonth 2010, which has been illustrated below. However, an of import information refering twelvemonth 2011 was received following a study conducted on health care suppliers in Mauritius whereby BOI made the undermentioned statement â€Å" Mauritius expects the figure of foreign patients seeking medical attention on the Indian Ocean island state to increase by 36 % in 2011 as compared to 2010 † . The same beginning added that â€Å" the figure may even increase to 15,000 and besides Mauritius has set itself a mark of pulling 100,000 foreign patients by 2020 † . This will presumptively lend about $ 1 billion yearly to the economic system. Figure: Number of foreign patients sing Mauritius in twelvemonth 2010 ( Beginning: BOI study ) The above Pie-Chart illustrates the states from which patients are largely from and besides the figure of medical tourers landed in Mauritius in 2010. Mauritius does non merely have a patronage in the Indian Ocean but besides in France and UK, with 22 % of Europeans acknowledging our medical services. These figures show that, small by small, Mauritius is making an individuality of it being a medical touristry finish. Figure: Medical Procedures undergone by foreign patients in 2010 ( Beginning: BOI study ) Figure: Number of foreign patients seeking intervention in Mauritius during the period 2006 to 2010 ( Beginning: BOI Survey ) Harmonizing to this graph, we can see that the reaching of International patients to Mauritius is so increasing. Hence, we can state that Mauritius seems to hold a bright hereafter in Medical Tourism. Price comparings of common medical processs Sought Table: Price comparing in US Dollars for decorative surgeries Mauritius is largely sought by medical tourers for its decorative surgeries. In the position of holding an thought about the monetary value degrees of these decorative surgeries, the above tabular array has been worked out. The monetary value of six decorative surgeries have been looked up and compared with seven other states. The tabular array shows that on norm the charges in Mauritius are lower as compared to the other states. It besides looks that India can go a menace to Mauritius ( Source: BOI Brochure ) Table: Price comparing in US Dollars for Non- decorative surgeries Ethical and Legal Issues Medical Tourism is a turning phenomenon and it is a possible net income devising sector for an economic system. Despite the fact that there are many benefits of being treated on board such as low cost and quality wellness attention, there are besides some hazards that are associated with Medical Tourism. These hazards can be classified as legal and ethical issues. There are major ethical jobs around Medical Tourism such as the illegal trading of variety meats and tissues for organ transplant. The World Health Organisation estimates that 10,000 illegal operations affecting human variety meats occur each twelvemonth ( The Guardian 2012 ) The illegal organ trade is the dark side of the otherwise legal Medical Tourism Industry ( The National, 2011 ) . These illegal minutess have been suspected in China and India in 2007. Additionally, in 2008 a major job cropped up in Thailand where it was said that physicians were so bemused with foreign patients that they started pretermiting Thai patients. Furthermore, the quality of infirmaries and their staffs give rise to a large issues it can be hard to verify the makings of physicians and other medical staffs. Besides in some instances, patients may non be covered under their personal wellness insurance as insurance Torahs vary from state to state and therefore it becomes a job for them to pay for the wellness attention services undergone. Among the legion jobs related to Medical Tourism, we besides have the hazard of international patients going with infective diseases. Therefore, any state looking frontward to advance Medical Tourism must take into consideration all the facets environing this country ( Understanding Tourism 2008 ) Model Regulating Medical Tourism Medical Tourism is said to see a dual growing, $ 100 billion in 2012 with a growing rate of 20 % to 30 % ( Times of India ) However, the absence of a planetary legal model is noticeable. As such, states sing Medical Tourism use their ain regulations and ordinances. To get down with in 2004, European-Union ( EU ) patients looking for health care in the EU provinces were requested to demo their European Health Insurance Card ( EHIC ) . This peculiar card has replaced the E111 signifier ( it is the old EU process guaranting patient ‘s reimbursement by the societal security of their place state ) and hence allowed the EU citizens the right of entree to healthcare in any EU member province. The services which they offered were hospitalization, physician audience, dental medicine and other services offered by the general wellness attention system within the EU merely and applicable merely to EU states. Furthermore, there are states that have taken the inducement to present â€Å" Medical Visas † . This allows patients to go to a peculiar state for medical intervention and remain for the continuance of their intervention. For case, India has taken this enterprise. In add-on, to do the entree to medical installations by foreign patients easy, many private clinics are using for accreditation from the JCI. Another state where Medical Tourism is turning is Thailand and it has introduced its ain regulations and ordinances. For illustration, processs for health care installations and licensing of medical physicians and other medical staffs are approved by the Ministry of Public and Health. In fact, the medical professional licensing is overseen by the Profession Commission of 19 members of different professions. The above illustrations show that there is no proper international government ordinance for Medical Tourism. As such each state tries to implement its ain model. Mauritius besides does non hold any regulations and ordinance regulating Medical Tourism. Chapter Decision This chapter is really rich in information on Medical Tourism. A figure of definitions as provided by different writers have been stated along with a short but really interesting history on Medical Tourism. It is evident that many states of the universe are concentrating on this value added merchandise and Mauritius is besides non dawdling behind. Over the past decennary there has been a mushrooming of healthcare service suppliers in Mauritius and the investors are really satisfied with the state of affairs. To back up this statement, testimony of foreign investors has been included in Appendix B. Furthermore, the writer has worked out a SWOT analysis to measure the deduction of this value added merchandise in Mauritius and has concluded by supplying some really utile information with respects to the legal issues and model modulating Medical Tourism. How to cite Medical Tourism By Different Authors Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

The Power of Women in the Society

Human beings are in constant search for freedom and liberation. This is what The Secret Lives of the Bees is all about. It highlights the fight to freedom by a young girl Lily and an imaginable power of the woman in a society. A woman is portrayed as the only hope in society full of chaos and prejudice created by men.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Power of Women in the Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Summon Kidd uses the Black Madonna deliberately not to promote racial prejudice but to express a way of life. She also uses the woman as a very powerful human and divine symbol which is not only a source of comfort but also a path to rediscovering a person essence. This paper endeavors to explain Kidd’s revelation about the woman power to transform not only societies but also individuals. Most societies in the world are gender biased. They segregate and relegate the woman to a second class being and view her as without power over anything including herself. However this is in contrast to the realities unearthed by Kidd. The woman is not only a salves path to freedom, but also effectively symbolizes the power, strength and influence women can have in the society. She is the silent but all powerful source of inner strength to those who believe in her. Black Madonna is a real person to those who know and believe in the power of what she symbolizes. August encourages Lily that the Black Madonna is present in those who she has liberated from enslavement. She is not just some magical statue hanging on a wall or a character from ancient fairly tales who people are forced to believe in (Kidd 288). This men hat the Black Madonna has an overwhelming strength to not only Lily but all those who acknowledge her power. The power of the woman does not exist for the sake of it but also has the power to appeal and attract those who are looking for solace. In Boatwright residence, Lily is e ventually attracted to the Black Lady. This is a statue hang on the wall that represents divine freedom and liberation (Kidd 108). Lily’s escape to Tiburon, a place owned by her late mother, was a journey in such of freedom. She had grown up under a father she was so ashamed of; so much so that she could not even bring herself to call him â€Å"father.† He was violent and indifferent towards Lily.Advertising Looking for essay on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Black Madonna therefore gives her a lot of faith and hope in her search for freedom. Lily realizes that the Black Madonna is just a statue at face value. However, it is what she symbolically represented that mattered. It gave her a lot of hope, courage and inner strength. Suffice to say that this statue is in the shape of not just a woman, but also a black woman. Lily uses the strength she gives her to run away from the oppressive world of R ay T, her father. Suffice to say that a woman is the rock on which a family is build on. Without her no family can survive. She is the glue that holds the family bond together, and gives strength even to the male members of that family. The absence of lily mother from the family is the breaking point. Young lily is lost and cannot seem to rest until she finds her own â€Å"family† back. She therefore starts a concerted search for her mother to feel whole again. Unfortunately she cannot find her and the more she continues to search for Debra the more lost her gets and this blinds her from realizing the power of those other woman around her. However, as soon as she accepts what the Black Madonna stands for, she realizes that there enough mothers around her in the women she was leaving with (Kidd 302). Despite her skin color, it is in this family that lily finds for the first time in her life the real meaning of love and acceptance. The irony of it is that it is her live father who she would have looked up to salvage what was left of her family after he mothers demise. However upon her reunion with T.Ray, she still opts to go back and stay with the Boatwright’s. T.Ray lets her, albeit grudgingly agreeing that she found life with them, life he couldn’t have given her (Kidd 294). This helps Lily to create a bond with Boatwright’s thus forming a new family, far away from Ray T (Kidd 238) The woman is also a divine figure in the society, a symbol so overwhelming that it is worth to worship. She is the source of divine hope and solace. Other than the Black Madonna, there are other strong symbols that not only portray the liberation of slaves but also portray feminine power. Such are the Our Lady of Chains, Mrs. Boatwright’s Catholic prayer cards and Deborah’s wooden picture of Mary. After Lily’s learning and acceptance of the power of the Black Madonna, she starts attending the cerebrations on Mary day. These celebratio ns are for â€Å"a special remembrance for our own Lady of Chains†¦ (which) reenact her story†¦ (and to) give thanks for the honey crop† (Kidd 221). Our Lady of Chains is not only a source of strength to all those who believe in her strength, but also a divine figure that represent the Virgin Mary. Her followers also see her as their only hope of salvation and liberation. Lily discovers among her mother’s belongings â€Å"the funny wooden picture of Mary with the dark face† (Kidd 23). Despite being a white girl, she treasures this picture of a black woman so much and thus grows to overcome the racial prejudice prevalent in this society.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Power of Women in the Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This also shows the strength of feminine power as two women overcome racial barriers to bond. Like the picture of the Black Mary, Deborah secret praye r cards offer not only great solace to Lily but also portray strong feminine power. Most of these cards had a picture of the Black Madonna at the back. Lily used to enjoy playing with these cards especially the ones with the picture. Without a doubt Sue is a feminist writer, who promotes the woman as a creature of an imaginable strength and character. Her works are however of devoid of radical feminist views present in works of writers such as Eve Ensler. While it presents men as weak characters, it also promotes the women as powerful personas who can liberate people from their struggles. The Black Madonna symbolizes the unquestionable power that women have. It is in her that lily finds the solace and comfort that she had sought for all her troubled life. She represents strength, courage and hope not only to Lily but also to other people who look up to her. This novel also seeks to give a platform to the voice of the black race in a society that is overtly racial and discriminating. All the strong characters in this novel are not only women but also black women. After Lily’s mother escapes from her Lily is left under the care of Rosaleen, a black nurse. Other powerful black women include the Boatwright’s and the Black Madonna who also represents the Virgin Mary mother of all. Therefore, the novel manages to accomplish what many feminist writers have failed to do: creating a strong woman thus promoting her place in the society without drawing much negative criticism from the male reader. As a matter of fact, the book offers solace to both the male and female reader. Work Cited Kidd, Sue. The Secret Life of Bees. New York: Viking, 2002. Print This essay on The Power of Women in the Society was written and submitted by user Lindsey Goff to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Essay on good bose

Essay on good bose Essay on good bose Let your success show in the person you become, rather than your accomplishments. Rather than trying to impress others with what you can do (and have done) – let your character and demeanor convey your power in every interaction with others. You’ll find that people usually care less about what you’ve done than who you are. A truly successful person never has to say a word about their accomplishments, because it’s written all over them. The greatest thing about this inner journey to success is that it automatically causes the floodgates of prosperity to open and shower you with other benefits, like money and prestige. Of course, by then they’re just a nice bonus to the greatest benefit of success – who you’ve become along the way. Characteristics To Make A Good Boss Every successful company is usually led by a good boss, who is decisive, A good listener and effective. In my opinion, a decisive boss is a person, who comes up with a decision quickly and correctly. In order to make workers’ confidence and orient ability in dealing with problems, a good boss should be a decision-makers whenever the company has problems. For example, when there is any problem, the decisive boss does not let workers wait for the boss’ decisions. In addition, a good listener boss always brings a comfortable working environment to workers. Workers will be able to share comfortably with the boss when they have difficulties, such as unclear information,

Biography of Lizzie Borden, Accused Murderer

Biography of Lizzie Borden, Accused Murderer Lizzie Borden (July 19, 1860–June 1, 1927), also known as  Lizbeth Borden or Lizzie Andrew Borden, is famous- or infamous- for allegedly murdering her father and stepmother in 1892. She was acquitted, but the murders are memorialized in a childrens rhyme: Lizzie Borden took an axeAnd gave her mother forty whacksAnd when she saw what she had doneShe gave her father forty-one. Fast Facts: Lizzie Borden Known For: Accused of killing her father and stepmother with an ax  Born: July 19, 1860 in Fall River, MassachusettsParents: Andrew Jackson Borden, Sarah Anthony, Abby Durfee Gray (stepmother)Died: June 1, 1927 in Fall River, MassachusettsEducation: Morgan Street School, high schoolNotable Quote: Maggie, come quick! Fathers dead. Somebody came in and killed him. Early Life Lizzie Borden was born on July 19, 1860, in Fall River, Massachusetts, the third of three children born to Andrew Jackson Borden (1822–1892) and Sarah Anthony Morse Borden (1823–1863). The eldest was Emma Lenora Borden (1851–1927). A middle child, a daughter, died in infancy. In 1865, Andrew Borden remarried to Abby Durfree Gray (1828–1892), and the couple and their daughters lived mostly quietly and uneventfully until 1892. Lizzie attended the Morgan Street School, which was not far from her home, and the local high school. After graduating, she was active at church by way of teaching Sunday school and serving as secretary of the local Christian Endeavor Society. She was also a member of the Womans Christian Temperance Union and dabbled in the Ladies Fruit and Flower mission. In 1890, Lizzie briefly traveled abroad with some friends. Family Conflict Andrew Borden started out his business career as an undertaker but bought rental properties and went into banking and textile mills as well. At the time of his death, he was a bank president and a director of several textile mills, and estimates said he was worth about $300,000 (about $8.5 million in 2019), not counting his real estate. He was, however, known for being miserly with his money. In contrast to the fathers wealth, the house they lived in was small and shabby, not in the part of town where the rest of Fall River elite society lived, and had neither electricity or indoor plumbing. In 1884 when Andrew gave his wifes half-sister a house, his daughters objected and fought with their stepmother, refusing thereafter to call her mother and calling her simply Mrs. Borden instead. Andrew tried to make peace with his daughters. In  1887, he gave them some funds and allowed them to rent out his old family home: at the time of the murders, Lizzie had a small weekly income and $2,500 in a bank account (what would be $70,000 today). Lizzies Difficulties According to various accounts, Lizzie was mentally disturbed. She was known to be a kleptomaniac- local shopkeepers would check for missing objects after she had been in and send a bill to her father, who paid them. And in 1891, Abbys jewelry box was rifled, after which her father bought locks for his bedroom door. In July 1892, Lizzie and her sister Emma went to visit some friends; Lizzie returned and Emma remained away. In early August, Andrew and Abby Borden were struck with an attack of vomiting, and Mrs. Borden told someone that she suspected poison. John Morse, the brother of Lizzies mother, came to stay at the house. Morse and Andrew Borden went into town together on the morning of August 4. Andrew came home alone. Killings The reconstruction of the crime found that around 9:30 a.m. on August 4, 1892, Abby was hacked to death with an ax, interrupted while she was in the guest bedroom. Andrew arrived about an hour later, met Lizzie and the maid at the door, and went to sleep on the sofa in the sitting room. He was killed, also hacked to death, at roughly 10:45 a.m. The maid, who had earlier been ironing and washing windows, was taking a nap when Lizzie called her to come downstairs. Lizzie said she had been in the barn and returned to find her father dead. After the doctor across the street was called, Abbys body was found. Because Andrew died without a will, his estate went to his daughters, not to Abbys heirs. Lizzie Borden was arrested in the killings. The Trial Lizzie Bordens trial began on June 3, 1893. It was widely covered by the local and national press. Some Massachusetts feminists wrote in Bordens favor. Townspeople split into two camps. Borden did not testify, having told the inquest that she had been searching the barn for fishing equipment and then eating pears outside during the time of the murders. She said, I am innocent. I leave it to my counsel to speak for me. Evidence included a report that shed tried to burn a dress a week after the murders (a friend testified it had been stained with paint)  and reports that she had tried to buy poison just before the murders. The murder weapon was never found for certain- a hatchet head that may have been washed and deliberately made to look dirty was discovered in the cellar. No blood-stained clothes were found. Without direct evidence of Lizzie Bordens part in the murder, the jury was not convinced of her guilt. She was acquitted on June 20, 1893. After the Trial Although the towns social elite supported Lizzie during the trial, they cooled to her after the acquittal. Lizzie remained in Fall River, but she and Emma bought a new and bigger home in the elite part of town that she called Maplecroft, and she began calling herself Lizbeth instead of Lizzie. She dropped her club and charity work and began attending theater performances in Boston. She and Emma had a falling out in 1904 or 1905, possibly over Emmas displeasure at Lizzies friends from the theater crowd. Both Lizzie and Emma also took in many pets and left part of their estates to the Animal Rescue League. At the time of her death, Lizzie was a very wealthy woman; her estate was worth approximately  $250,000, the equivalent of about $7 million in 2019 dollars. Death At the age of 66, Lizzie Borden died of pneumonia in Fall River, Massachusetts, on June 1, 1927, her legend as an accused murderer is still strong. Her sister Emma died a few days later, at her home in Newmarket, New Hampshire. They were both buried next to their father and stepmother. The home in which the murders took place opened as a bed-and-breakfast in 1992. Legacy The World Catalog lists 1,200 entries dedicated to Lizzie Borden, including 580 books, 225 articles, 120 videos, and 90 theatrical pieces, the latter including ballets, operas, plays, television and movie scripts, and musical scores. Google Scholar lists over 4,500 entries, including 150 in 2018 alone. There are other accused and convicted murderers who attract more attention, of course, but there is a seemingly unending fascination with this particular story, primarily speculation about why this Victorian middle-class woman may have killed her family. Among all the literature, books, movies and other forms of art, postulated possible and impossible hypotheses about why or whether Lizzie Borden did hack her parents to death include:   She was criminally insane, with a dual personality like Jekyll and Hyde.She was irresponsible and ill, and hysteric in the Victorian sense.She was a free spirit who was oppressed by Victorian values.She adored her father who infantilized her, and one day she snapped.She was physically abused by her father and stepmother.She was a victim of incest.She was angry because she missed exercising the social standing she felt she deserved.Her father killed her stepmother and then Lizzie killed him because of it.Somebody else did it (a stranger; a rejected suitor; her uncle; the maid).Her stepmother broke up Lizzies relationship with a lover.She was involved in a lesbian affair with the maid and the parents found out.She was in love with her sisters suitor.For the money. Sources Bartle, Ronald (2017).  Lizzie Borden and the Massachusetts Axe Murders. Sherfield-on-Loddon, Hampshire: Waterside Press.Kent, David and Robert A. Flynn. The Lizzie Borden Sourcebook. Boston: Branden Books, 1992.Lincoln, Victoria. A Private Disgrace: Lizzie Borden by Daylight: (A True Crime Fact Account of the Lizzie Borden Ax Murders). Seraphim Press, 1967.Robertson, Cara W. Representing Miss Lizzie: Cultural Convictions in the Trial of Lizzie Borden. Yale Journal of Law and the Humanities 351 (1996): 351–416. Print.Roggenkamp, Karen S. H. A Front Seat to Lizzie Borden: Julian Ralph, Literary Journalism, and the Construction of Criminal Fact. American Periodicals 8 (1998): 60-77. Print.Schofield, Ann. Lizzie Borden Took an Axe: History, Feminism and American Culture. American Studies 34.1 (1993): 91–103. Print.The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. â€Å"Lizzie Borden.†Ã‚  Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, 15 July 2018.â€Å"Lizzie Borden.†Ã‚  Famous Trials .

Touched by nonprofit organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Touched by nonprofit organizations - Essay Example This paper discusses the benefits that a community reaps from non-profit organizations or rather reflects at how lives have been touched by activities and or presence of non-profit organizations in the society. Sheppard and Oehler (2009) posit that non-profit organizations bring awareness to infrequent and or otherwise neglected issues, problems and causes within the society at large. In a society, many social, health and or financial problems are evident and most are rarely addressed by the relevant local authorities. Non-profit organizations are often at hand to address such abandoned people hence restoring some sense of hope to those suffering from such problems. In addition, most non-profit organizations provide job training services to the untrained members of the society as well as to those seeking further development. These services are made available to the people with ease which helps improve the community’s character and quality. The economies associated with these organizations on average stretch less funds from the private sector, the public sector and the foundation itself via reduced costs of operations for the organizations existing in a given location (Tess, 2003). Consequently, Tess (2003) reveals that the centers are able to serve more people as well as provide increased services hence impacting more people. With continued growth and development come increased investments into new infrastructure in the community thus expanding the impact of the organization. Most non-profit organizations develop centers in economically distressed areas. According to Shaffer, Deller and Marcouiller (2004), the presence of new infrastructure in these areas results in the development of new property, renovation of property, establishment of new business ventures, expansion of current business organizations as well as increased investment in public amenities and infrastructure. The availability of these entities requires management forces and as such many

The most importnt issues or problems in Humn Resources in the United Essay

The most importnt issues or problems in Humn Resources in the United rb Emirtes t the present time - Essay Example ccording to n estimte by the l-Iktissd Wl-ml (1997) mgzine, no less thn 95 per cent of the new jobs in the 1995-2000 period were in the privte sector. There re four interrelted resons for the privte sector's resistnce to Emirtistion. The first fctor is lbour cost. The influx of chep foreign lbour during the pst three decdes led to the development of lbour-intensive privte sector, whose continued profitbility hinges on being given free hnd in the utilistion of foreign workers. lthough, since the mid-1990s, United rb Emirtes hs incresed the cost of the ltter by introducing compulsory helth cre for foreign workers, locl workers still re very much more expensive to hire (Fshoyin, 2000). It hs further been lleged tht locls will demnd bout six times the slry skilled foreign worker would be prepred to ccept nd 'will not work s hrd' (Fshoyin, 2000). Foreign workers from developing countries ccept reltively low slries becuse they cn still ern more thn they could ern in their home countries. Furthermore, the mjority of foreign workers re young mle bchelors nd therefore do not hve fmily to support. For locl workers, however, the high cost of living in United rb Emirtes mkes the level of wges offered by the privte sector in cpble of providing n cceptble living stndrd for locl workers (tiyyh, 2003). Second, socil nd culturl perceptions towrds... In United rb Emirtes, the type of work, sector of employment nd socil interctions t work determine the socil sttus of the worker nd his fmily (Mellhi, 2000). Hence, workers plce gret del of importnce on the effect of their work on their socil recognition. For instnce, most of the jobs in the privte sector re mnul jobs which rb Emirtes society holds in low esteem. Even before the influx of foreign workers, these jobs were llocted to people with low socil sttus nd socil interctions with them were severely restricted. tiyyh (2003) reported tht in rb Emirtes: For youngsters leving school the brriers ginst desirble creer pths re lmost mythicl. They will not ccept jobs s slesmen becuse this does not befit their socil sttus; they will not tke workshop jobs where there is thret of physicl dnger. Low slries re n insultthe rb Emirtesyouth hs too much pride to swllow.The third fctor is discipline nd control. Reserch on the mngement of foreign workers in United rb Emirtes supports the view tht foreign workers re esier to control nd more disciplined thn locl workers (tiyyh, 2003). This could be result of the fct tht work permits in United rb Emirtes re often vlid for one yer nd foreign workers do not qulify for permnent residency or nturlistion, regrdless of the length of their sty, therefore employers hve few obligtions towrds foreign workers who cn be lid off nd sent home t short notice. In ddition, foreign workers hold work permits for specific occuption with specific employer nd therefore they cnnot move freely between employers or sponsor wit hout the consent of their employer or sponsor-Kfeel. Hence, lbour turnover nd job-hopping mong foreign workers do not exist. Tble 1: Comprison between HRM prctices for United rb Emirtes HR nd

How Virgil Integrates Myth and History in The Aeneid

How Virgil Integrates Myth and History in The Aeneid How does Virgil integrate myth and history in The Aeneid? Discuss with reference to specific passages. Written as Rome faced a new era, and as its politics and society rapidly evolved, The Aeneid is essentially Virgil’s own reflection on these transformations. The narrative, interwoven with numerous historical and mythological elements, highlights his political and moral concerns regarding the new empire, his blurring of boundaries, between past and present, and myth and reality, bookmarking this exploration. As these worlds collide and blend throughout the narrative, our reading of Aeneas’ journey is expanded; this epic foundation myth can be read as Virgil questioning the new empire, how it would affect the Roman identity and its traditional values, whether Rome was truly free from the violence and corruption of the Civil Wars, and his hope for peace under Augustus’ rule. By analysing the text we may infer the extent to which he integrates myth and history in his political commentary. This interweaving of reality and fiction for such effect is seen instantly in Jupiter’s prophecy in Book 1 where the very real figure of Augustus is linked to the mythological figure of Aeneas. This link, as mapped out by Jupiter, passes from Aeneas, the first founder of Rome, through the legendary twins Romulus and Remus, central characters in Rome’s foundation legend, and onto ‘a Trojan Caesar’(1.287), Augustus’ own uncle and adopted father, Julius Caesar. Commonly seen in Julian propaganda of the 1st century BC, this association highlights the link between the ‘gens Iulia’ and the ‘eponymous figure of Iulus-Ascanius’[1], Aeneas’ son, and explicitly places Augustus in the line of ‘noble stock’ ‘the rulers of the world’ (1.282-286) originated from. Decreed to be a direct descendent of these two legendary characters by the father of the gods, Augustus is instantly cemented as the rightful rul er and depicted as the next piece in Rome’s foundation myth; that he too is a legendary figure. Furthermore, these characters themselves embody the blurring between myth and reality. For example each is of both divine and mortal descent: Aeneas is the son of Venus and Anchises, Romulus the son of Mars and Ilia the priestess queen and Augustus too, according to Jupiter’s prophecy, can trace his lineage to both these legendary figures, and a ‘Caesar’, Rome’s first imperial figure. This not only gives Augustus further gravitas and legitimacy as a ruler, but also suggests that he is re-establishing the Rome as it was prophesised, and the Roman identity as it should be. Also it suggests that Rome’s foundations are equally legendary, born from the combination of myth and reality, and equally endorsed by the gods. While Aeneas’ overall journey in The Aeneid also sees this close relationship between myth and reality, we may also see it as mirroring Rome’s own growth as a nation.[2] For example, Aeneas’ time in Carthage, between Books 1 and 4, represents the Punic Wars, a series of wars fought between Rome and Carthage between 264 BC and 146 BC which saw more than a century of conflict, thousands of deaths, and Rome succeeding Carthage as the most powerful state in the Western Mediterranean. This section is steeped in historical allegory: Dido’s suicide and Carthage seemingly burning with ‘the flames of poor Dido’s pyre’ (5.3-4) represents Carthage’s own defeat at the hands of Rome, and its decline as Rome’s power grew. Following this Aeneas’ progress encapsulates the narrative and in Books 5 to 8 we see him get gradually closer to Italy. This part of his journey however also sees many allusions to the Odysseus myth and is litt ered with Homeric motifs as Aeneas encounters a number of supernatural creatures, such as journeying to the Underworld, contact with the Harpies and Cyclops, close encounters with the sea monsters Scylla and Charybdis and with the lands of the Sirens and Circe. By translating a Homeric and mythological world onto the well-charted, and well-traversed, Mediterranean, Virgil continues to interweave reality and fiction, and, in doing so, blurs what is true and what is false. This also creates tension between the two as contemporary readers, recognising the places Aeneas visits and passes, sees these familiar lands as the homes of legendary creatures. While on one hand this section can be seen as portraying Aeneas as an equal hero to Odysseus, it can also be seen as reflecting Rome’s journey and growth, from Trojan foundations to an identity of its own. Virgil continues this tension in Books 9 to 12 as Aeneas’ battles with the Latins closely reflect the recent Civil Wars, a nd Aeneas and Turnus’ one-to-one combat represents the Battle of Actium where Augustus defeated his last rival, Mark Antony. While gradually reflecting Rome’s past with Aeneas’ journey, Virgil strives to remind Rome of the destruction it has faced, externally such as in Carthage, and internally such as during the civil wars, and in doing so he attempts to show Romans that they must learn from their past. Like many other historical epics, both Greek and Roman, The Aeneid is used to define a national identity in opposition to an ‘other’, as evidenced by the vast historical skeleton the narrative is built upon.As J. D. Reed suggests, it aims to present Rome as distinct to all other nations: from ‘the Trojans with whom it originated, the Greeks whom the Trojans had fought and [who] the Romans were to conquer’ by distancing Aeneas from the Homeric and Greek world; ‘the Carthaginians who threaten Roman ascendancy’ with the death of Dido; and ‘the Italian peoples among whom Rome arose’ with Aeneas’ war with the Latins.[3] Virgil continues to merge the past and present in Book 8 and, in Aeneas’ visit to Pallanteum, images of Virgil’s contemporary Rome bleed into the descriptions of Evander’s archaic settlement. For example, as Evander guides Aeneas, we see ‘cattle†¦ lowing in the Roman forum’, and the ‘Capitol, now all gold’ now ‘bristling with rough scrub’ (8.349-362). Also, throughout the description, many landmarks recognisable to Virgil’s contemporary readers, such the ‘Alter of Carmentis and the Carmental Gate’ (8.338) are seen. These images appear to transcend time itself, and by warping the familiar with the historical, Virgil’s narrative continues to run on underlying tension. However these images are also accompanied by those of a bucolic paradise: the site is described as the ‘haunt of native fauns and nymphs ’and Saturn’s first ‘Golden Age’ (8.315-325). Hence, with thi s blurring of past and present, and by translating images of contemporary Rome onto those of pastoral peace, Virgil is linking Aeneas’ coming, and therefore Augustus’, with Saturn’s; he hopes that Augustus is bringing the second Golden Age of ‘peace and serenity’ (8.326). However, Evander’s account is also greatly pessimistic, detailing a ‘worser age of base material’ as the time of peace disintegrated and the ‘madness of war’ and ‘the lust for possessions’ (8.327-328) consumed all. While this is clearly representing the recent civil wars that tore apart Rome, it also reveals Virgil’s own hopelessness for the future of Rome; like Evander he views the Golden Age, and the empire, as ‘only an intermission from continuous fighting and invasions’.[4] This hopelessness for the future appears to stem from Virgil’s own cynical view of human nature, as can be seen in the myth of Hercule s and Cacus. In essence a tale of a hero and a monster, and of archetypal good and bad, Virgil’s description casts an unnerving similarity between the two as both are described as incredibly violent and rabid with furor. This, therefore, causes us to question whether Virgil truly endorses Aeneas, who is also seen as incredibly violent in battle, and the new emperor he represents. Supporting this is the description of Aeneas and Mezentius’ battle in Book 10 where the tale of Hercules and Cacus is literally mirrored as ‘Mezentius rode around [Aeneas] three times’ (10.886), recalling Hercules’ three trips around Mount Aventine in anger (8.231-232). This similarity disturbingly places Aeneas, our supposed hero, in the place of the monster Cacus and contradicts the many positive descriptions of Aeneas, causing us to believe that Virgil had mixed opinions about Augustus and the new empire: this use of myth shows he had hopes for the peace one ruler could bring, yet was cynical of the destruction human nature could cause. Book 8 also sees the pinnacle of Virgil’s use of myth and history in the description of Aeneas’ resplendent shield. Crafted by the fire god Vulcan it is a clear echo of Achilles’ own shield from The Iliad and another allusion to Homer. However, on one hand, while Homer chooses to depict the entire world, including the earth, oceans, heavens, stars, and human life; Hephaestus engraves Achilles’ shield with the pleasures of peace as Homer strives to remind his hero of what he is fighting for. Virgil, on the other hand, chooses to engrave Aeneas’ shield with a memorialization of Rome’s military victory, and her success in conflict as well as peace, as he prophesises Rome’s history.[5] This is due to the context of The Aeneid. Written soon after the Battle of Actium where Augustus put an end to the strife of civil war in Rome, becoming the first emperor, The Aeneid reflects this recent shift in power; the description of Aeneas’ shie ld in particular. Primarily, Virgil’s language choice, namely in characterisation, is important in establishing this Homeric relation and political undercurrent. For example, his description of Augustus sees the new emperor’s association with the divine increasingly emphasised; the gods themselves are listed in the description of his followers, indicating that he has the divine right to rule, and his recent success at Actium as determined by the gods. Also, Augustus is physically elevated in this image, and is therefore physically closer to Olympus. Similarly he is described as wearing a ‘double flame’ and ‘his father’s star’ (8.682). On one hand this associates him with Ascanius who, in Book 2, is blessed by the gods with a halo of holy fire, this portent followed by a second: a star sent by the gods. This similarity, while supporting Jupiter’s prophecy in Book 1 that Ascanius will establish the seeds of a power that, eventually , will become Rome, further emphasises Augustus’ right to rule. Also, the inclusion of ‘his father’s star’ alludes to his adoption of Julius Caesar’s name, and emphasises his legitimacy. Essentially, the description of Augustus is steeped in social and political context with the intention of establishing his sovereignty, suggesting that there was possible unrest in his early years of power. This description, notably Augustus’ relationship to the gods, sees Virgil’s focussing on highlighting Augustus’ power, and the legitimacy of that power. Similarly, Virgil’s description of Antony informs us of the social and political background of The Aeneid. Introduced as ‘in triumph from the shores of the Red Sea’ (8.688-689), Antony is portrayed positively, which, as Augustus’ rival, is peculiar. Also, he describes their conflict as ‘mountains were colliding with mountains’ (8.694), associating both with the seemingly-immortal strength of Homeric heroes, and indicating that they are equals in power. Also, contextually, there was no honour in fighting a fellow Roman, and Virgil avoids this in his glorification of Augustus by undermining Antony’s involvement. Virgil achieves this by using active verbs to describe Cleopatra, and while she is described as ‘summon[ing] her warships’ and ‘calling for winds’ (8.698-708), her role in the battle eclipses Antony’s. This has the effect of giving Rome a common enemy: the woman and the foreigner. This in itself ass ociates Cleopatra with Dido, also a foreign queen, who, throughout her relationship with Aeneas, is portrayed as deterring his progress, and therefore, deterring the progress of Rome. Furthermore, Cleopatra’s description echoes that of Dido. Called ‘his Egyptian wife’ or the ‘queen’ (8.689-698), she is denied a name, and the autonomy of self, just as Dido, who is defined by her relationship with Aeneas so much so as to take her own life when he leaves. By giving the Romans a common enemy, the civil war is instead turned into that with a foreign power, and creates a sense of Roman unity, unity that perhaps was not as assured in reality, and notably, unity brought by Augustus’ success. The gods too are purposely characterised for effect. While on one hand, the Roman gods are named and recognisable, the Egyptian gods are described as ‘monstrous’, Virgil even highlights the dog form of Anubis who ‘barked†¦ at Neptune and Ve nus’ (8.699-700). This emphasis on the animalistic qualities of the Egyptian gods serves the purpose of establishing a divine hierarchy; the Roman gods, as human in shape, naturally come before the ‘dog god’, an animal typically obedient to man. This hierarchy serves to assert Roman superiority, culturally and spiritually, as well as militarily. Virgil’s description of the shield in itself is important too; throughout the passage, there is fluidity between narrative and object. This is achieved by the subtle blurring of the mythical world, as depicted on the shield, and the ‘real’: Aeneas’ story. For example, as the passage flows through the narrative, certain words and phrases alluding to the material of the shield, how it’s made and the maker, such as ‘the God of Fire’ who had ‘fashioned the Nile†¦ with every fold of drapery beckoning’ (8.709-714), disrupt the flow and pull the reader sharply to reality. Also, there is a prevalent dichotomy of senses; we are told that Anubis ‘barked’ while the Roman gods ‘swooped’ and ‘strode’ (8.699-703). This sense of motion and sound brings a still image and object alive, and reflects the power of well-crafted art; just as Aeneas’ shield seems to come to life in his hands, the poem does in the reader’s mind. Ultimately, through his integration of myth and history, Virgil is able to blur truth and fiction, transforming The Aeneid into accepted fact. This not only establishes his account into the foundation myth of the Roman identity, but also establishes Augustus into the pantheon of Rome’s mythological founders. On a deeper level though it also allows him to explore complex issues such as the effect the civil wars had on the Roman identity, his hopes for Augustus’ rule, and his fears that human nature, greed and violence will plague the new empire. Essentially, through the merging of the two worlds, whether this be between the mythological and realistic, classical allusion and historical context, or narrative and material object, he achieves the ultimate contrast; between a piece of literature, and a political message. Bibliography Bell, K. K. 2008. ‘â€Å"Translatio† and the Constructs of a Roman Nation in Virgils â€Å"Aeneid†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, Rocky Mountain Review 62: 11-24. J. D. Reed, ‘Vergil’s Roman’, in J. Farrell and M. C. J. Putnam (ed.), A Companion to Vergil’s Aeneid and its Tradition. Oxford 2010: 66-79. J. E. G. Zetzel, ‘Rome and its Traditions’, in C. Martindale (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Virgil. Cambridge 1997: 188-203. Johnson, W. R. 2005. ‘Introduction’, in S. Lombardo (Trans.), Aeneid, Indianapolis. lxi-lxxi. R. D. Williams, ‘The Purpose of The Aeneid’, in S. J. Harrison (ed.), Oxford Readings in Vergil’s Aeneid. Oxford 1990: 21-36. S. Casali, ‘The Development of the Aeneas Legend’, in J. Farrell and M. C. J. Putnam (ed.), A Companion to Vergil’s Aeneid and its Tradition. Oxford 2010: 37-51. Virgil, The Aeneid, trans. D. West [Penguin Classics] (London: Penguin Books, 2003) Williams, R. D. 1965. ‘The Mythology of the â€Å"Aeneid†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, Vergilius 11, 11-15. ID number: 1335307Words: 2,426 [1]Casali 2010: 49. [2]Zetzel 1997: 189. [3]Reed 2010: 66 -76. [4]Zetzel 1997: 191. [5]Johnson, W. R. 2005. ‘Introduction’, in S. Lombardo (Trans.), Aeneid, Indianapolis. lxi-lxxi.

Preschool Assessment Essay

This paper addresses the many questions the High/Scope Educational Research Foundation has received about testing four-year-olds. Our reasons for sharing this paper with early childhood practitioners, policymakers, and parents is three-fold: (a) to provide basic information about the terms and issues surrounding assessment; (b) to add an empirical and pragmatic perspective to what can sometimes be an impassioned debate; and (c) to affirm our commitment to doing what is best for young children and supporting those who develop the programs and policies that serve them. High/Scope believes child assessment is a vital and necessary component of all high quality early childhood programs. Assessment is important to understand and support young children’s development. It is also essential to document and evaluate how effectively programs are meeting their educational needs, in the broadest sense of this term. For assessment to occur, it must be feasible. That is, it must meet reasonable criteria regarding its efficiency, cost, and so on. If assessment places an undue burden on programs or evaluators, it will not be undertaken at all and the lack of data will hurt all concerned. In addition to feasibility, however, assessment must also meet the demands of ecological validity. The assessment must addresses the criteria outlined below for informing us about what children in real programs are learning and doing every day. Efficiency and ecological validity are not mutually exclusive, but must sometimes be balanced against one another. Our challenge is to find the best balance under the conditions given and, when necessary, to work toward altering those conditions. Practically speaking, this means we must continue to serve children using research-based practices, fulfill mandates to secure program resources, and improve assessment procedures to better realize our ideal. This paper sets forth the criteria to be considered in striving to make early childhood assessment adhere to these highest standards. Background The concern with assessment in the early childhood field is not new. Decades of debate are summarized in the National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) publication Reaching Potentials: Appropriate Curriculum and Assessment for Young Children (Bredekamp & Rosegrant, 1992). This position statement has just been expanded in a new document titled Early Childhood Curriculum, Assessment, and Program Evaluation: Building an Effective, Accountable System in Programs for Children Birth through Age 8 (www. naeyc. org/resources/position_statements/pscape. asp). 1  What is new in this ongoing debate is the heightened attention to testing young children as a means of holding programs accountable for their learning. Assessment in the Classroom (Airasian, 2002) offers the following definitions: Assessment is the process of collecting, synthesizing, and interpreting information to aid classroom decision-making. It includes information gathered about pupils, instruction, and classroom climate. Testing is a formal, systematic procedure for gathering a sample of pupils’ behavior. The results of a test are used to make generalizations about how pupils would have performed in similar but untested behaviors. Testing is one form of assessment. It usually involves a series of direct requests to children to perform, within a set period of time, specific tasks designed and administered by adults, with predetermined correct answers. By contrast, alternative forms of assessment may be completed either by adults or children, are more open-ended, and often look at performance over an extended period of time. Examples include objective observations, portfolio analyses of individual and collaborative work, and teacher and parent ratings of children’s behavior. The current testing initiative focuses primarily on literacy and to a lesser extent numeracy. The rationale for this initiative, advanced in the No Child Left Behind Act and supported by the report of the National Reading Panel (2000), is that young children should acquire a prescribed body of knowledge and academic skills to be ready for school. Social domains of school readiness, while also touted as essential in a series of National Research Council reports (notably Eager to Learn, 2000a and Neurons to Neighborhoods, 2000b), are admittedly neither as widely mandated nor as â€Å"testable† as their academic counterparts. Hence, whether justified or not, they do not figure as prominently in the testing and accountability debate. This information paper responds to questions being asked of early childhood leaders about the use and misuse of testing for preschoolers 3 to 5 years old. This response is not merely a reactive gesture nor an attempt to advance and defend a specific position. Rather, the paper is intended as a resource to provide information about when and how preschool assessment in general, and testing and other forms of assessment in particular, can be appropriately used to inform policy decisions about early childhood programming. As a framework for providing this information, High/Scope accepts two realities. First, testing is, will be, and in fact always has been, used to answer questions about the effectiveness of early childhood interventions. Since early childhood programs attempt to increase children’s knowledge and skills in specific content areas, evaluators have traditionally used testing, along with other assessment strategies, to determine whether these educational objectives have been achieved. Second, program accountability is essential, and testing is one efficient means of measuring it. Numerous research studies show that high quality programs can enhance the academic and lifetime achievement of children at risk of school failure. This conclusion has 2 resulted in an infusion of public and private dollars in early education. It is reasonable to ask whether this investment is achieving its goal. Testing can play a role in answering this accountability question. With this reality as a background, this information paper proceeds to address two questions. First, given the current pervasive use of testing and its  probably expansion, when and under what conditions can this type of assessment be used appropriately with preschool-age children? That is, what characteristics of tests and their administration will guarantee that we â€Å"do no harm† to children and that we â€Å"do help† adults acquire valid information? Second, given that even the most well-designed tests can provide only limited data, how can we maximize the use of non-test assessments so they too add valuable information over and above that obtained through standardized testing procedures? General Issues in Assessment Uses of Child Assessment  Assessment can provide four types of information for and about children, and their parents, teachers, and programs. Child assessment can: 1. Identify children who may be in need of specialized services. Screening children to determine whether they would benefit from specific interventions is appropriate when parents, teachers, or other professionals suspect a problem. In these cases, assessments in several related domains are then usually administered to the child. In addition, data from parents and other adults involved with the child are considered in determining a diagnosis and course of treatment. 2. Plan instruction for individuals and groups of children. Assessment data can be used by teachers to support the development of individual children, as well as to plan instructional activities for the class as a whole. In addition, information on developmental progress can and should be shared with parents to help them understand what and how their children are learning in the classroom and how they can extend this learning at home. 3. Identify program improvement and staff development needs. Child assessments can provide formative evaluation data that benefit program and staff development. Findings can point to areas of the curriculum that need further articulation or resources, or areas where staff need professional development. If children in the classroom as a whole are not making progress in certain developmental domains, it is possible that the curriculum needs revision or that teachers need some additional training. In conducting formative evaluations, child data are best combined with program data that measure overall quality, fidelity to curriculum implementation standards, and specific teaching practices. 4. Evaluate how well a program is meeting goals for children. It is this fourth purpose, sometimes called outcome or summative evaluation, that is the primary focus of this paper. 3 Note that it is the program, not the child, who should be held accountable. Although data may be collected on individual children, data should be aggregated to determine whether the program is achieving its desired outcomes. These outcomes may be defined by the program itself and/or by national, state, or district standards. How the outcomes are measured is determined by the inextricable link between curriculum and assessment. Ideally, if a curriculum has clear learning objectives, those will drive the form and content of the measures. Conversely, thoughtful design of an appropriate assessment tool can encourage program developers to consider what and how adults should be teaching young children. Reliability and Validity Any formal assessment tool or method should meet established criteria for validity and reliability (American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, & National Council of Measurement in Education, 1999). Reliability is defined as how well various measurements of something agree with each other, for example, whether a group of similar test items or two observers completing the same items have similar results. Validity has several dimensions. Content or face validity refers to how well an instrument measures what it claims to measure; ecological validity refers to the authenticity of the measurement context; and construct validity deals with the measure’s conceptual integrity. In assessing young children, two aspects of validity have special importance—developmental validity and predictive validity. Developmental validity means that the performance items being measured are developmentally suitable for the children being assessed. Predictive validity means the measure can predict children’s later school success or failure, as defined by achievement test scores or academic placements (on-grade, retained in grade, or placed in special education) during the elementary grades. Over the longer term, predictive validity can even refer to such outcomes as adult literacy, employment, or avoiding criminal activity. In Principles and Recommendations for Early Childhood Assessments, the National Education Goals Panel (1998) noted that â€Å"the younger the child, the more difficult it is to obtain reliable and valid assessment data. It is particularly difficult to assess children’s cognitive abilities accurately before age 6† (p. 5). Meisels (2003) claims â€Å"research demonstrates that no more than 25 per cent of early academic or cognitive performance is predicted from information obtained from preschool or kindergarten tests† (p. 29). Growth in the early years is rapid, episodic, and highly influenced by environmental supports. Performance is influenced by children’s emotional and motivational states, and by the assessment conditions themselves. Because these individual and situational factors affect reliability and validity, the Panel recommended that assessment of young children be pursued with the necessary safeguards and caveats about the accuracy of the decisions that can be drawn from the results. These procedures and cautions are explored below. 4 Testing. Appropriate Uses of Testing Standardized tests are used to obtain information on whether a program is achieving its desired outcomes. They are considered objective, time- and cost-efficient, and suitable for making quantitative comparisons. Testing can provide valid data when used appropriately and matched to developmental levels. Moreover, tests can act as teaching tools by providing a window into what children already know and where they need more time, practice, and/or help to improve. Creating a valid assessment for young children is a difficult task. It must be meaningful and authentic, evaluate a valid sample of information learned, be based on performance standards that are genuine benchmarks, avoid arbitrary cut-off scores or norms, and have authentic scoring. The context for the test should be rich, realistic, and enticing (Wiggins, 1992). It is therefore incumbent upon the creators of assessment tools to design instruments that—unlike artificial drills— resemble natural performance. If these conditions are met, young children are more likely to recognize what is being asked of them, thus increasing the reliability and validity of the results. Criteria of Reliable and Valid Preschool Tests Both the content and administration of tests must respect young children’s developmental characteristics. Otherwise the resulting data will be neither reliable nor valid. Worse, the testing experience may be negative for the child and perhaps the tester as well. Further, the knowledge and skills measured in the testing situation must be transferable and applicable in real-world settings. Otherwise the information gathered has no practical value. To produce meaningful data and minimize the risk of creating a harmful situation, tests for preschool-age children should satisfy the following criteria: 1. Tests should not make children feel anxious or scared. They should not threaten their selfesteem or make them feel they have failed. Tests should acknowledge what children know—or have the potential to learn—rather than penalizing them for what they do not know. 2. Testing should take place in, or simulate, the natural environment of the classroom. It should avoid placing the child in an artificial situation. Otherwise, the test may measure the child’s response to the test setting rather than the child’s ability to perform on the test content. 3. Tests should measure real knowledge in the context of real activities. In other words, the test activities as well as the test setting should not be contrived. They should resemble children’s ordinary activities as closely as possible, for example, discussing a book as the adult reads it. Furthermore, tests should measure broad concepts rather than narrow skills, for example, alphabetic and letter knowledge sampled from this domain rather than familiarity with specific letters chosen by the adult. 5 4. The tester should be someone familiar to the child. Ideally, the person administering the test would be a teacher or another adult who interacts regularly with the child. When an outside researcher or evaluator must administer the test, it is best if the individual(s) spend time in the classroom beforehand, becoming a familiar and friendly figure to the children. If this is not feasible, the appearance and demeanor of the tester(s) should be as similar as possible to adults with whom the child regularly comes in contact. 5. To the extent possible, testing should be conducted as a natural part of daily activities rather than as a time-added or pullout activity. Meeting this criterion helps to satisfy the earlier standards of a familiar place and tester, especially if the test can be administered in the context of a normal part of the daily routine (for example, assessing book knowledge during a regular reading period). In addition, testing that is integrated into standard routines avoids placing an additional burden on teachers or detracting from children’s instructional time. 6. The information should be obtained over time. A single encounter, especially if brief, can produce inaccurate or distorted data. For example, a child may be ill, hungry, or distracted at the moment of testing. The test is then measuring the child’s interest or willingness to respond rather than the child’s knowledge or ability with respect to the question(s) being asked. If timedistributed measurements are not feasible, then testers should note unusual circumstances in the situation (e. g. , noise) or child (e. g. , fatigue) that could render single-encounter results invalid and should either schedule a re-assessment or discount the results in such cases. 7. When repeated instances of data gathering are not feasible (e.g. , due to time or budgetary constraints), an attempt should be made to obtain information on the same content area from multiple and diverse sources. Just as young children have different styles of learning, so they will differentially demonstrate their knowledge and skills under varying modes of assessment. For example, a complete and accurate measure of letter knowledge may involve tests that employ both generative and recognition strategies. 8. The length of the test should be sensitive to young children’s interests and attention spans. If a test is conducted during a regular program activity (e. g. , small-group time), the test should last no longer than is typical for that activity. If it is necessary to conduct testing outside regular activities, the assessment period should last 10–20 minutes. Further, testers should be sensitive to children’s comfort and engagement levels, and take a break or continue the test at another day and time if the child cannot or does not want to proceed. 9. Testing for purposes of program accountability should employ appropriate sampling methods whenever feasible. Testing a representative sample of the children who participate in a program avoids the need to test every child and/or to administer all tests to any one child. Sampling strategies reduce the overall time spent in testing, and minimize the chances for placing undue stress on individual children or burdening individual teachers and classrooms. 6 Alternative Child Assessment Methods Alternative forms of assessment may be used by those who have reservations about, or want to supplement, standardized tests. These other methods often fall under the banner of â€Å"authentic† assessments. They engage children in tasks that are personally meaningful, take place in real life contexts, and are grounded in naturally occurring instructional activities. They offer multiple ways of evaluating students’ learning, as well as their motivation, achievement, and attitudes. This type of assessment is consistent with the goals, curriculum, and instructional practices of the classroom or program with which it is associated (McLaughlin & Vogt, 1997; Paris & Ayres, 1994). Authentic assessments do not rely on unrealistic or arbitrary time constraints, nor do they emphasize instant recall or depend on lucky guesses. Progress toward mastery is the key, and content is mastered as a means, not as an end (Wiggins, 1989). To document accomplishments, assessments must be designed to be longitudinal, to sample the baseline, the increment, and the preserved levels of change that follow from instruction (Wolf, Bixby, Glenn & Gardener, 1991). Alternative assessment can be more expensive than testing. Like their counterparts in testing, authentic measures must meet psychometric standards of demonstrated reliability and validity. Their use, especially on a widespread scale, requires adequate resources. Assessors must be trained to acceptable levels of reliability. Data collection, coding, entry, and analysis are also time- and cost-intensive. This investment can be seen as reasonable and necessary, however, if the goal is to produce valid information. Alternative child assessment procedures that can meet the criteria of reliability and validity include observations, portfolios, and ratings of children by teachers and parents. These are described below. Observations In assessing young children, the principal alternative to testing is systematic observation of children’s activities in their day-to-day settings. Observation fits an interactive style of curriculum, in which give-and-take between teacher and child is the norm. Although careful observation requires effort, the approach has high ecological validity and intrudes minimally into what children are doing. Children’s activities naturally integrate all dimensions of their development—intellectual, motivational, social, physical, aesthetic, and so on. Anecdotal notes alone, however, are not sufficient for good assessment. They do not offer criteria against which to judge the developmental value of children’s activities or provide evidence of reliability and validity. Instead, anecdotal notes should be used to complete developmental scales of proven reliability and validity. Such an approach permits children to engage in activities any time and anywhere that teachers can see them. It defines categories of acceptable answers rather than single right answers. It expects the teacher to set the framework for children to initiate their own activities. It embraces a broad definition of child development that includes not only language and mathematics, but also initiative, social relations, physical skills, and the arts. It is culturally sensitive when teachers are trained observers who focus on objective, culturally neutral descriptions of behavior (for example, â€Å"Pat hit Bob†) rather than subjective, culturally loaded 7 interpretations (for example, â€Å"Pat was very angry with Bob†). Finally, it empowers teachers by recognizing their judgment as essential to accurate assessment. Portfolios One of the most fitting ways to undertake authentic, meaningful evaluation is through the use of a well-constructed portfolio system. Arter and Spandel (1991) define a portfolio as a purposeful collection of student work that tells the story of the student’s efforts, progress, or achievement in (a) given area(s). This collection must include student participation in selection of portfolio content, the guidelines for selection, the criteria for judging merit, and evidence of student self-reflection (p. 36). Portfolios describe both a place (the physical space where they are stored) and a process. The process provides richer information than standardized tests, involves multiple sources and methods of data collection, and occurs over a representative period of time (Shaklee, Barbour, Ambrose, & Hansford, 1997). Portfolios have additional value. They encourage two- and three-way collaboration between students, teachers, and parents; promote ownership and motivation; integrate assessment with instruction and learning; and establish a quantitative and qualitative record of progress over time (Paris & Ayres, 1994; Paulson, Paulson, & Meyer, 1991; Wolf & Siu-Runyan, 1996; Valencia, 1990). â€Å"Portfolios encourage teachers and students to focus on important student outcomes, provide parents and the community with credible evidence of student achievement, and inform policy and practice at every level of the educational system† (Herman & Winters, 1994, p. 48). The purposes for which portfolios are used are as variable as the programs that use them (Graves & Sunstein, 1993; Valencia, 1990; Wolf & Siu-Runyan, 1996). In some programs, they are simply a place to store best work that has been graded in a traditional manner. In others, they are used to create longitudinal systems to demonstrate the process leading to the products and to design evaluative rubrics for program accountability. There are also programs that merely have students collect work that is important to them as a personal, non-evaluative record of their achievements. When portfolios are not used to judge ability in some agreed-upon fashion, they are usually not highly structured and may not even include reflective pieces that demonstrate student growth and understanding. Portfolios are most commonly thought of as alternative assessments in  elementary and secondary schools. Yet they have long been used in preschools to document and share children’s progress with parents, administrators, and others. For portfolios to be used for program accountability, as well as student learning and reflection, the evaluated outcomes must be aligned with curriculum and instruction. Children must have some choice about what to include in order to feel ownership and pride. Portfolios should document the creative or problem-solving process as they display the product, encouraging children to reflect on their actions. Conversations with children about their portfolios engages them in the evaluation process and escalates their desire to demonstrate their 8 increasing knowledge and skills. Sharing portfolios with parents can help teachers connect school activities to the home and involve parents in their children’s education. Teacher Ratings Teacher ratings are a way to organize teacher perceptions of children’s development into scales for which reliability and validity can be assessed. Children’s grades on report cards are the most common type of teacher rating system. When completed objectively, report-card grades are tied to students’ performance on indicators with delineated scoring criteria, such as examinations or projects evaluated according to explicitly defined criteria. In these ways, teacher ratings can be specifically related to other types of child assessments including scores on standardized tests or other validated assessment tools, concrete and specific behavioral descriptions (e. g. , frequency of participation in group activities, ability to recognize the letters in one’s name), or global assessments of children’s traits (e. g. , cooperative, sociable, hard-working). Research shows that teacher ratings can have considerable short- and long-term predictive validity throughout later school years and even into adulthood (Schweinhart, Barnes, & Weikart, 1993). Parent Ratings Parent ratings are a way to organize parent perceptions of children’s development into scales for which reliability and validity can be assessed. Soliciting parent ratings is an excellent way for teachers to involve them as partners in the assessment of their children’s performance. The very process of completing scales can inform parents about the kinds of behaviors and milestones that are important in young children’s development. It also encourages parents to observe and listen to their children as they gather the data needed to rate their performance. An example of the use of parent ratings is the Head Start Family and Child Experiences Survey (FACES) study, in which parents’ ratings of their children’s abilities and progress were related to measures of classroom quality and child outcomes (Zill, Connell, McKey, O’Brien et al. , 2001). Conclusion Recent years have seen a growing public interest in early childhood education. Along with that support has come the use of â€Å"high stakes† assessment to justify the expense and apportion the dollars. With so much at stake—the future of our nation’s children—it is imperative that we proceed correctly. Above all, we must guarantee that assessment reflects our highest educational goals for young children and neither restricts nor distorts the substance of their early learning. This paper sets forth the criteria for a comprehensive and balanced assessment system that meets the need for accountability while respecting the welfare and development of young children. Such a system can include testing, provided it measures applicable knowledge and skills in a safe and child-affirming situation. It can also include alternative assessments, provided they too meet psychometric standards of reliability and validity. Developing and implementing a balanced approach to assessment is not an easy or inexpensive undertaking. But because we value our children and respect those charged with their care, it is an investment worth making. 9 References Airasian, P. (2 002). A ssessment in the classroom. New Y ork: Mc Graw-H ill. American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, & National Council of Measu rement in E ducation. (1 999). S tanda rds for edu cationa l and psy cholog ical testing. W ashington, DC: American Psychological Association. Arter, J. A. , & Spande l, V. (199 2). Using p ortfolios of stud ent work in instru ction and a ssessment. E ducational Measurement Issues and Practice, 36–44. Brede kamp, S. , & Rosegra nt, T. (Ed s. ) (1992 ). R eaching Potentials: Appropriate Curriculum and Assessment for Young Children . Washington, DC: National Association for the Education of Young Children. Graves, D . H. , & Sun stein, B. S. (19 92). P ortfolio p ortraits . New Hampshire: Heinemann. Herma n, J. L. , & W inters, L. (199 4). Portfo lio research: A slim collection . E duca tional Lea dership , 5 2 (2), 48–55. McLa ughlin, M. , & Vogt, M . (1997) . P ortfolios in teacher education . Newark, Delaware: International Reading Association. Meisels, S. (2003, 19 March). Can Head Start pass the test? E ducation Week , 2 2 (27), 44 & 29. National A ssociation for the Educa tion of Yo ung Childre n and Na tional Assoc iation of Ear ly Childhoo d Specia lists in State Dep artments of E ducation (2 003, N ovemb er. E arly Childhood Curriculum, Assessment, and Program Evaluation: Building an Effective, Accountable System in Programs for Children Birth Through Age 8 . ) Washin gton, DC : Authors. Av ailable online at www. naeyc. org/resources/position_statements/pscape. asp. N ational E ducation G oals Pane l. (1998). P rinciples and rec ommen dations for early childh ood assessm ents. Washington, DC: Author. National R eading P anel. (200 0). T eaching children to read: An evidence-based assessment of the scientific research literature on reading and its implications for reading instruction. Washin gton, DC : National In stitute of Child Health and Human Developm ent, National Institutes of Health. National R esearch C ouncil. (20 00a). E ager to learn : Educating our preschoo lers. W ashington, DC: National Academy P ress. National R esearch C ouncil. (20 00b). N eurons to neighborhoods: The science of early childhood development. Washington, D C: National Acad emy Press. Paris, S. G . , & Ayers, L. R . (1994) . B ecom ing reflective s tudents a nd teach ers with po rtfolios and authen tic assessment. Washington DC: American Psychological Association. Paulson, F. L. , Paulson, P. R. , & Meyer, C. A. (1991). What makes a portfolio a portfolio? E duca tional Lea dership , 48 (5), 60–63. Schweinha rt, L. J. , Barne s, H. V. , & Weika rt, D. P. (19 93). S ignificant benefits: The High/Scope Perry Preschool study through age 27 . Ypsilanti, MI: High/Sco pe Press. Shaklee, B . D. , Barb our, N. E ., Ambros e, R. , & H ansford, S. J . (1997) . D esigning and using portfolios. Boston: Allyn & Bacon. Valencia , S. W. (1 990). A portfolio ap proach to classroom reading asse ssment: Th e whys, whats an d hows. T he Reading Teacher , 4 3 (4), 338–340. Wiggins, G . (1992) . Creating tests wo rth taking. E duca tional Lea dership , 4 9 (8), 26–33. Wolf, D. , Bixby, J. , Glenn, J. , & Gardner, H. (1991). To use their minds well: Investigating new forms of student assessment. In G. Gran t (Ed. ), R eview of research in education, V ol 17 ( pp. 31–74). Washington D. C. : American Educational Research Association. Wolf, K . , & Siu-Run yan, Y.(19 96). Po rtfolio purpo ses and po ssibilities. J ournal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy, 40 (1), 30–37. Zill, N. , Conn ell, D. , Mc Key, R. H . , O’Brien, R . et al. (2001 , January). H ead Start FACES: Longitudinal Findings on Pro gram P erforma nce, Third Progres s Report. W ashington, DC: Administration on Children, Youth and Families, U. S. Depa rtment of Health and H uman Services. 10 High/Scope Assessment Resources High/Scope has developed and validated three preschool assessment instruments. Two are for children, one focusing specifically on literacy and the other more broadly on multiple domains of development. The third measure is used to assess and improve the quality of all aspects of early childhood programs. These alternative assessments are described below. Early Literacy Assessment In the Fall of 2004, High/Scope will release the Early Literacy Assessment (ELA), which will evaluate the four key principles of early literacy documented in the Early Reading First Grants and the No Child Left Behind legislation: phonological awareness, alphabetic principle, comprehension, and concepts about print. Evaluation will take place in a meaningful context that is familiar to children.